FILE G · 240 terms

Glossary

The words of the kacheri — what they mean, and where you'll meet them.

Land records

• 1B Register ౧బి రిజిస్టర్ The record-of-rights register — owner-wise listing of holdings, where the pahani is survey-number-wise.
• Bhudhaar భూధార్ The unique geo-referenced ID that every land parcel gets under Bhu Bharati — Aadhaar for land.
• Encumbrance Certificate The Sub-Registrar's certified extract of every registered transaction touching a property over a period — the buyer's first due-diligence paper.
• Faisal Patti ఫైసల్ పట్టీ The village account stating the final revenue demand fixed for the year at jamabandi.
• Family Member Certificate The Tahsildar's certificate listing the members of a deceased person's family — the everyday heirship paper for pensions, jobs and succession mutations.
• Gift Deed A registered transfer of property for love and affection rather than money — gifts within the family pay concessional stamp duty.
• GPA An authorisation to act on an owner's behalf — and, as the agreement-of-sale-cum-GPA, the classic device for passing land without a sale deed.
• Khasra Pahani ఖస్రా పహాణీ The 1954–55 base pahani of Telangana villages — the bedrock record for tracing ownership.
• Pahani పహాణీ The village land register — for every survey number, who owns it, who cultivates it, what crop stands on it, and what it owes.
• Part-B The parking lot of Dharani — disputed or unclear parcels kept out of the main record, roughly 18 lakh acres.
• Partition Deed The registered division of a joint holding by metes and bounds, so each sharer holds separately.
• Patta Transfer The everyday name for mutation of ownership — what the petitioner across the desk is actually asking for.
• Pattadar Passbook పట్టాదారు పాస్‌బుక్ The owner's book — a passbook-cum-title deed issued to every recorded landholder.
• Record of Rights The authoritative government record of who holds what right in every parcel of land.
• Release Deed The deed by which a co-owner gives up their share in favour of the others — the clean, cheap way to consolidate inherited land in one name.
• Sale Deed The registered instrument that conveys land for a price — the paper every title chain is built from.
• Sethwar సేత్వార్ The original survey-settlement register of a village — survey numbers with extent, classification and assessment as first fixed.
• Succession Certificate A civil court's certificate authorising heirs to collect a deceased person's debts and securities — often demanded by banks, never issuable by revenue.
• Tippan టిప్పన్ The surveyor's field sketch of a single survey number — its shape, measurements and neighbours.
• Village Accounts The numbered set of registers every revenue village must maintain — pahani, demand, collection, births of new rights.

Tenure & rights

• Abadi గ్రామకంఠం The village habitation site — house plots inside it are outside the agricultural revenue record.
• Assigned Land Government land given free to the landless poor for cultivation or house sites — with a permanent bar on selling it.
• Ayacut The command area of an irrigation source — the lands a tank or canal is designed to water.
• Banjar బంజరు Uncultivated government waste land — the pool from which assignments are made.
• Bhoodan భూదాన్ Land gifted during Vinoba Bhave's land-gift movement, vested in the Bhoodan Yagna Board for the landless.
• Buffer Zone The no-construction belt beyond a waterbody's FTL — 30 metres for big lakes, 9 for kuntas and large nalas, 2 for small nalas.
• Ceiling Surplus Land Land taken over from holders who exceeded the legal maximum holding, for distribution to the landless.
• Cheruvu చెరువు The irrigation tank — the signature waterbody of Telangana, and a bundle of government land with its own vocabulary.
• Dakhal Possession in fact — who is actually on the land, whatever the record says.
• Endowment Land Land belonging to temples and charitable institutions — protected, non-transferable without sanction.
• FTL The maximum water-spread level of a tank — the line inside which no construction may lawfully stand.
• Gairan Government grazing and waste land — a term from the Marathi side of the old Hyderabad State that survives in records of the border districts.
• Gattu గట్టు The tank bund — and, in everyday Telugu, any edge or boundary.
• Inam ఇనాం Land granted revenue-free or on light assessment for service — to temples, mosques, village servants, or individuals.
• Jagir జాగీర్ A Nizam-era assignment of the revenue of villages to a noble; abolished in 1949.
• Kabja కబ్జా Occupation — possession in everyday speech, and in the wrong mouth, encroachment.
• Kancha The village grazing ground — commons poramboke reserved for cattle, and a favourite target of encroachers.
• Khata ఖాతా A landholder's account in the village records — all their parcels aggregated under one number.
• Kowlu కౌలు Tenancy — cultivating another's land on lease; the kowlu raithu is the tenant farmer.
• Kunta కుంట A small pond or minor tank — the cheruvu's little sibling, with a nine-metre buffer of its own.
• Nala A natural drainage channel — the stormwater stream whose encroachment is why the city floods.
• NALA Non-Agricultural Land Assessment — the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural use, on payment of a conversion fee.
• Patta పట్టా The right of ownership over land as recognised by government — and the document that says so.
• Pattadar పట్టాదారు The person in whose name the patta stands — the recorded owner.
• Podu పోడు Cultivation on forest land, historically shifting — the site of the long conflict between forest and revenue claims.
• Poramboke పోరంబోకు Unassessed government land reserved for common purposes — roads, tank beds, streams, burial grounds.
• Protected Tenant A tenant recorded under the Hyderabad Tenancy Act of 1950 whose tenancy could ripen into ownership.
• ROFR Patta A title issued under the Forest Rights Act 2006 recognising a tribal or forest-dweller's cultivation on forest land.
• Ryot రైతు The cultivator — the same word as the Telugu for farmer.
• Ryotwari రైత్వారీ The settlement system in which government deals directly with the cultivator for land revenue — no zamindar in between.
• Sada Bainama సాదా బైనామా A land sale done on plain paper without registration — common, and legally void until regularised.
• Sarf-e-Khas సర్ఫ్-ఎ-ఖాస్ The Nizam's personal crown lands, merged into the state in 1949.
• Sarihaddu సరిహద్దు Boundary — the line between two parcels, and the quarrels over it.
• Shikam శిఖం Land under a tank's water spread — government land even when the tank is dry.
• Sivai Jama Unauthorised occupation of government land as the accounts politely record it — assessed to revenue, conferring no right.
• Tumu తూము The sluice of a tank — the outlet that lets water down to the ayacut.
• Vagu వాగు A stream or rivulet — poramboke by nature, and the source of the sand everyone wants.
• Wakf Land Property dedicated under Muslim law for religious or charitable purposes, managed under the Wakf Board.

Survey & measurement

• Azmoish ఆజ్మాయిష్ The annual field-by-field crop inspection — walking the village and recording what actually stands on each survey number.
• Fasli ఫస్లీ The revenue year — an old harvest calendar; subtract 590 from the fasli year to get the AD year it begins in.
• FMB The bound volume of field sketches of all survey numbers of a village — the tippan's book form.
• Gunta గుంట The everyday unit of land — one-fortieth of an acre, about 121 square yards.
• Jareeb The surveyor's measuring chain — and shorthand for the chain survey that fixed the old records.
• Paimaish Measurement of land on the ground — the survey operation behind every tippan and every boundary answer.
• Sub-Division The splitting of a survey number into separately-held parcels, each with its own letter or number.
• Survey Number The numbered unit into which every village's land is divided — the atom of the revenue record.

Posts & offices

• AD, Survey & Land Records The Assistant Director heading the district's survey wing — mandal surveyors report to them.
• Additional Collector The Collector's deputies — one for Revenue, one for Local Bodies — held by junior IAS or senior Deputy Collectors.
• Agency ఏజెన్సీ The Scheduled (tribal) areas — where special protections like the 1/70 land-transfer bar apply and the ITDA leads administration.
• ASO The civil-supplies officer below the DSO — and the appointing authority for urban fair price shops, where the RDO holds that role for rural mandals.
• CCLA The state's apex land-administration authority — successor to the old Board of Revenue, and keeper of the Board's Standing Orders.
• CEO, Zilla Parishad The senior officer who runs the Zilla Parishad's administration for its elected body.
• Collector The head of the district — Collector for revenue, District Magistrate for order, and chair of nearly everything else.
• Collectorate The district headquarters office of the Collector, organised into lettered sections A to H.
• Dalayat The office attendant — the person on whose legs the files actually move.
• DEO The district head of school education.
• Deputy Tahsildar Second-in-command of the mandal office; holds charge when the Tahsildar is away.
• District Registrar The head of the registration district — supervises the Sub-Registrars and sits on the committee that revises market values.
• District Revenue Officer The Special-Grade Deputy Collector who runs the Collectorate's day-to-day — head of the office and its lettered sections.
• DM&HO The district health chief — PHCs, epidemics, and the medical half of every calamity response.
• DPO The district head of the panchayat raj wing — supervises gram panchayats and their secretaries.
• DRDO The district's rural-development chief, heading the DRDA machinery — not the missile people.
• DSO The district civil-supplies head — ration cards, fair price shops, procurement, and the groundwork of 6-A cases.
• DTO The head of the district treasury — every bill a DDO presents passes their scrutiny.
• DWMA The agency through which MGNREGS runs in the district — headed by a Project Director.
• Firka ఫిర్కా A Revenue Inspector's circle — the cluster of villages one RI covers.
• GCC The corporation that buys minor forest produce from tribal gatherers at support prices and runs supply depots in the Agency.
• Grama Palana Officer గ్రామ పాలన అధికారి The new village-level revenue officer created in 2025 — the working successor to the VRO.
• In-charge Minister The state minister allotted to a district — presides over its review meetings and tops its protocol order.
• ITDA The special agency that runs development in the Scheduled (Agency) areas — Telangana's are at Utnoor, Bhadrachalam, Eturnagaram and Mannanur.
• Junior Assistant The entry-level ministerial post — dealing clerk for the routine currents of a section.
• Kacheri కచేరి The office — the everyday word for any government office or court.
• Mandal మండలం The basic administrative unit below the district — Telangana has about 594 revenue mandals across 33 districts.
• MEO The education department's mandal officer — supervises the primary schools and their teachers.
• MPDO The development twin of the Tahsildar — heads the mandal's panchayat raj machinery and runs most scheme verification.
• MPP The mandal's elected local body — and, confusingly, the everyday title of its president too.
• MPTC The member elected from a village-cluster territorial constituency to the mandal parishad.
• Nazarath The Collectorate branch that handles monies and hospitality — cash, deposits, and the whole machinery of protocol and VIP arrangements.
• Nazir The custodian of an office's cash and valuables — the traditional head of the nazarath; in courts, also the server of processes.
• Panchayat Secretary The government servant of the gram panchayat — records, taxes, births and deaths, meetings and their minutes.
• Patel The hereditary village headman of the Hyderabad system — mali patel for revenue, police patel for watch and ward.
• Patwari పట్వారీ The hereditary village accountant of old — keeper of the village records before the VRO system.
• Peshi పేషీ A senior officer's personal office — the staff and desk that control what reaches the officer.
• Peshkar పేష్కార్ The officer's court clerk — puts up cases, maintains the case diary, records proceedings.
• Project Officer, ITDA The officer — usually a young IAS officer — who heads an ITDA, wielding sub-collector-like authority across the Agency.
• RDO Head of a revenue division and Sub-Divisional Magistrate — the post a Deputy Collector grows into.
• Record Assistant The keeper of a section's records — indexing, stitching, and fetching from the record room.
• Revenue Inspector The circle-level field officer between the mandal office and the villages — inspections, enquiries, recoveries.
• Sarishtadar సరిష్తాదార్ The head ministerial officer and keeper of records in a court or revenue office.
• Sarpanch సర్పంచ్ The elected head of the gram panchayat — the village's political executive.
• Senior Assistant The seasoned dealing hand of a section — the heavier subjects sit on their table.
• SERP The Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty — the government-run SHG empire, still called IKP in the villages.
• Sethsindhi A village servant of the old Hyderabad villages — messenger and watchman under the patel and patwari.
• Sub-Registrar The officer who registers documents — deeds are executed before them, ECs issue from their office, and the 22-A list is enforced at their counter.
• Superintendent The head of a Collectorate section — the sergeant of the Tottenham system, between the dealing hands and the officers.
• Tahsildar తహసీల్దార్ The revenue head of a mandal — custodian of its land records, first authority for mutations and certificates, executive magistrate for the mandal.
• Talari తలారి The village watchman of the old establishment — guard, escort and process-server rolled into one.
• VRA The village revenue assistant — the system was wound up in 2023, with VRAs absorbed into regular posts.
• VRO The village revenue officer post abolished in 2020 along with the old record system.
• Watandar The holder of a watan — a hereditary village office, with land attached to the post.
• ZP The district's elected rural local body — ZPTC members form it, a Chairperson heads it, the CEO runs it.
• ZPTC The member elected from a mandal's territorial constituency to the Zilla Parishad — one per mandal.

Files & proceedings

• 6-A Case The confiscation proceeding before the Collector when seized essential commodities — usually PDS rice — are to be forfeited; named for Section 6-A of the Essential Commodities Act.
• Dandora దండోరా Public announcement by drumbeat in the village — still the legally loved way of publishing a notice locally.
• Jamabandi జమాబందీ The annual audit and settlement of a village's revenue accounts, closing the year's demand.
• Kaifiyat కైఫియతు The explanation — the remarks column of a register, and the old word for a village's written account of itself.
• Misal మిసల్ The case file — the stitched bundle of papers of one matter.
• Muchalika ముచ్చలిక A written bond or undertaking given to an authority — the paper behind "binding over" a person.
• Mutation Changing the record of rights — moving land from one name to another after sale, succession or court order.
• Panchanama పంచనామా A record of what was seen at a spot, written then and there and signed by independent witnesses (panch).
• Razinama రాజీనామా A deed of compromise between disputing parties — though in everyday Telugu the same word now means resignation.
• Revenue Sadassu రెవెన్యూ సదస్సు The village-level public hearing held under Bhu Bharati to receive and verify land grievances on the spot.
• Rubkar రుబ్కార్ A formal order or communication issued from an officer's court — the Deccan ancestor of today's "proceedings".
• Takid తాకీదు A reminder or urgent written instruction chasing action on a pending matter.
• Vardi వర్దీ An intimation or report from the field — the word for the first information that reaches the office.
• Yadast యాదాస్తు A memorandum — a note recording something so it is not forgotten.

Magisterial & law-and-order

• Bandobast బందోబస్తు Security and crowd arrangements for an event — and, historically, the settlement of land revenue.
• Beat A constable's patrol round — the villages or streets one beat officer covers and is answerable for.
• Bind Over Making a person execute a bond to keep the peace — the executive magistrate's preventive workhorse.
• CI The Inspector of Police — supervising a circle of stations, or holding charge of a big one.
• DSP The police head of a sub-division — the RDO's law-and-order counterpart, called ACP in commissionerates.
• Externment An order expelling a troublesome person from a district or city for a period — the sharpest preventive tool short of detention.
• Flag March A deliberate, visible march of force through a disturbed area — order made audible, often with an Executive Magistrate accompanying.
• History Sheet The police station's running dossier on a habitual offender — the rowdy sheet's property-crime cousin.
• Inquest The on-the-spot enquiry into an unnatural death — police-led under BNSS 194, magistrate-led under BNSS 196.
• Panch The independent witness to a panchanama — the respectable locals whose presence makes the record believable.
• PD Act Telangana's preventive detention law of 1986 — aimed at bootleggers, dacoits, drug offenders, goondas, immoral-traffic offenders and land grabbers.
• Picket A fixed police post planted at a sensitive spot during tension — the standing guard, where the beat is the moving one.
• Preventive Detention Detaining a person to prevent future harm rather than punish past acts — constitutionally permitted, and tightly conditioned.
• Remand The magistrate's authorisation of an arrested person's continued custody — a judicial magistrate's power, not an executive one.
• Rowdy Sheet The police's running dossier on a habitual troublemaker — the usual basis for bind-over proposals.
• SHO The officer in charge of a police station — the rank varies, the responsibility does not.
• SI The Sub-Inspector of Police — SHO of most rural stations, and the investigating officer of most cases.
• SP The district police chief — the Collector's twin in the district's law-and-order pairing.
• Station Diary The police station's chronological log of everything — arrivals, arrests, complaints, movements — the record that fixes what happened when.
• Zamanat Surety — the bond, and the person who stands it, whether for bail or for keeping the peace.

Office procedure

• Annexure An appendix to an order or report, lettered or numbered — where the detail lives so the order can stay readable.
• Attestation Certifying a copy or signature as genuine — traditionally a gazetted officer's pen-stroke, now largely replaced by self-attestation.
• B.P. Orders of the old Board of Revenue — long-dead as an institution, still cited as authority in land matters.
• Board's Standing Orders The Board of Revenue's codified instructions on every revenue subject — still in force, still cited, administered now by the CCLA.
• Call Book The register for cases where action must wait — a court stay, a government reference — parked out of the pending list but never forgotten.
• Camp Office The officer's residence functioning as an office — where urgent files travel after hours.
• Circular Memo One memo addressed to many subordinate offices at once — the instrument of uniform instructions.
• Current A paper under action — in District Office Manual language, every receipt becomes a current until it is disposed.
• D.O. Letter A letter written officer to officer by name, in the first person — the form that says this needs your personal attention.
• DFA The draft reply or order put up with the note — once approved, it is fair-copied and issued.
• Docket The cover sheet of a file recording its number, subject and movement.
• e-Office The electronic file system replacing paper currents in secretariat and district offices — the DOM's logic, digitised.
• Enclosure A paper sent along with a communication, listed at its foot — "with 3 enclosures" is a promise the receiving office will verify.
• Endorsement The short order written on a petition itself, forwarding or returning it — the fastest instrument in the office.
• FAC Holding a second post in addition to one's own — "Tahsildar (FAC)" means the regular incumbent is elsewhere.
• Flagging Marking the papers cited in a note with lettered slips, so the officer can turn straight to "flag A".
• G.O. A Government Order — the instrument by which the state government decides anything; Ms. for standing orders, Rt. for routine ones.
• Gazette The government's official publication — rules, notifications and appointments take legal effect by appearing in it.
• Gazetted Officer An officer whose appointment is notified in the gazette — the line above which a signature carries official presumption.
• Inspection Notes The notes an inspecting officer issues after examining a subordinate office — each para demanding rectification, each awaiting compliance.
• L.Dis Disposal numbers that close a file and fix its retention class — lodged, routine, or destroyable.
• Linking Putting up a connected file along with the current one — with the standing caution to delink before either travels onward.
• LTI The thumb impression that stands for a signature — how those who cannot write execute documents.
• MeeSeva మీసేవ The citizen service counters through which certificates and portal applications are filed and delivered.
• Memo An official communication from government below the dignity of a G.O. — instructions, clarifications, calls for reports.
• NGO In district usage, a Non-Gazetted Officer — not a nonprofit; the NGO Home is the government employees' club, not a charity.
• Noting The written analysis on a file's note side — facts, precedents, rule position, and a recommendation for orders.
• Periodical Register The register of returns due to and from the office — kept so that no periodical is ever missed, and checked at every inspection.
• Personal Register The register in which each clerk tracks every current pending with them — the office's pulse, checked at inspections.
• Prajavani ప్రజావాణి The standing public-grievance window — petitions received every Monday at the Collectorate and division offices, tracked on a portal with a 30-day clock.
• Proceedings The formal order an officer issues in their own name — "Procs. Rc.No… of the Collector".
• PUC The paper a file exists to answer — the receipt under consideration, flagged and cited in every note.
• Rc.No. The reference number an office stamps on a current file — how every paper is cited and traced.
• Record Room Where disposed files rest by retention class — the office's memory, and the first casualty of neglect.
• Tappal తపాల్ The inward dak — the day's incoming post, opened, stamped and distributed each morning.
• Tour Diary The officer's own record of movements and inspections, submitted to the superior — read more carefully than most reports.
• U.O. Note An "unofficial" note by which one department consults another without a formal reference — informal in name, ubiquitous in practice.

Money & accounts

• AC Bill The advance-and-settlement pair — money drawn on an Abstract Contingent bill must be accounted by a Detailed Contingent bill.
• Audit Para An objection raised in an audit report — it follows the office, and the officer, until answered.
• Challan చలాన్ The voucher by which money is paid into the treasury — proof that a fee or due reached government.
• DDO The officer authorised to draw money from the treasury and answerable for every rupee of it.
• Market Value The government-notified value of land for duty purposes — registration is charged on this or the price, whichever is higher.
• Mutation Fee The fee paid for recording a change of ownership in the record of rights.
• Seigniorage The fee due to government on every load of minor mineral quarried — sand, gravel, metal, earth.
• Sistu శిస్తు Land revenue — the tax on land that the whole edifice was built to collect.
• Slot Booking Booking the portal appointment for a registration or mutation — pay the fees, pick the slot, appear with the parties.
• Stamp Duty The tax on the instrument, not the transaction — paid before a deed can be registered.
• Treasury The district and sub-treasury offices through which every government payment and receipt flows.
• Utilisation Certificate The certificate that granted funds were spent for their purpose — pending UCs block the next release.

Everyday officialese

• 22-A List The list of lands the Sub-Registrar must refuse to register — assigned, endowment, wakf, government and court-attached properties, under Section 22-A of the Registration Act.
• Awaas+ The supplementary PMAY-Gramin list — the survey of eligible rural households left out of the original 2011-based list.
• Belt Shop The unauthorised village outlet retailing liquor as an extension of a licensed shop — illegal, endemic, and the subject of every excise drive.
• Bhu Bharati భూభారతి The current land-records law and portal — the Telangana Bhu Bharati (Record of Rights in Land) Act, 2025.
• CMR Rice that millers must return to government after milling procured paddy — and the default that drives much of the PDS smuggling economy.
• CMRF The Chief Minister's discretionary fund for medical and distress assistance — recommended by public representatives, verified through the Collectorate.
• DBT Paying benefits straight into the beneficiary's bank account — the plumbing beneath nearly every modern scheme.
• Dharani ధరణి The 2020–2025 land records portal — automatic, appeal-less, and now replaced by Bhu Bharati.
• e-PoS The Aadhaar-authenticated sale device at the fair price shop — every transaction biometric, every stock movement logged.
• Enumeration The house-to-house or field-by-field listing exercise — damaged crops, affected families, eligible beneficiaries — the numbers behind every relief memorandum.
• Ex-gratia A payment of grace, not of legal right — the state's condolence made concrete.
• FP Shop The last mile of the PDS — an authorised private dealer selling subsidised commodities against ration cards.
• FRK The nutrient-fortified kernels blended into government rice — and the forensic marker that a seized stock is PDS rice.
• G.O. 111 The 1996 order banning polluting industry and major construction in the ten-kilometre catchment of Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar — 84 villages, Supreme-Court-backed, still in force.
• Gram Sabha గ్రామ సభ The assembly of a village's voters — the forum where beneficiary lists are read out and objections invited.
• Gudumba గుడుంబా Illicitly distilled liquor — the "ID liquor" of excise case diaries.
• HYDRAA The Hyderabad Disaster Response and Asset Protection Agency — the lake-and-land protection force of the core urban region.
• Indiramma Illu ఇందిరమ్మ ఇల్లు The state housing scheme — ₹5 lakh assistance to an eligible poor household to build its own house.
• Input Subsidy Per-acre compensation to farmers whose crop a notified calamity destroyed — built from azmoish and enumeration, paid at notified scales.
• Job Card The MGNREGS household's registration document — the card that carries the right to demand work.
• LRS The 2020 amnesty for plots in unapproved layouts — some 25 lakh applications, frozen for years, now being cleared.
• MGNREGS ఉపాధి హామీ The rural employment guarantee — a hundred days of wage work a year to any rural household that demands it.
• MLS Point The civil-supplies godown from which a mandal's fair price shops draw their monthly stock.
• Muster Roll The attendance-and-wage sheet of a works site — and, when faked, the oldest fraud in the scheme book.
• Praja Palana ప్రజా పాలన The application blitz of December 2023 – January 2024 — village and ward sabhas that took in over a crore applications for the six guarantees.
• Ration Card The PDS entitlement card — "white card" in speech, Food Security Card on paper, and the default proof of being poor for a dozen other schemes.
• Rythu Bharosa రైతు భరోసా The per-acre investment support for farmers — ₹12,000 an acre a year, paid season by season into the pattadar's account.
• Sand Reach A notified stretch of river or stream from which sand may be worked — identified by the Collector-chaired district sand committee, operated by TGMDC.
• Sarkar సర్కారు Government itself — sarkari bhoomi is government land, a sarkari kolluvu a government job.
• SHG The women's savings-and-credit group — ten-odd members, weekly savings, bank linkage, and a village's most reliable machinery.
• Social Audit The public audit of scheme spending read out before the gram sabha — records versus villagers, face to face.
• Stockyard TGMDC's storage-and-sale point for sand — where the online booking turns into a loaded lorry.
• Vaanakalam వానాకాలం The kharif — the monsoon crop season, roughly June to November; literally, the rain time.
• Waybill The despatch document that makes a load of sand legal — no valid pass, and the lorry is seizable on sight.
• Yasangi యాసంగి The rabi — the winter crop season, roughly November to April, grown on tanks, borewells and residual moisture.